12A Registration in Bihar

Vakilkaro simplifies 12A registration for NGOs online in India with complete end-to-end expert assistance. Every non-profit organisation, trust, society or Section 8 company operating in India needs this registration to claim income tax exemption on its surplus and to build long-term financial sustainability. It is the first and most critical tax step for any NGO seeking government grants, CSR funding and donor credibility.

Our team of Chartered Accountants and tax professionals handles the entire process — activity description drafting, Form 10A filing, departmental follow-up, the certificate, and the Form 10AB regular registration and renewal that follow — at a transparent and affordable fee with no hidden charges.

Introduction

What is 12A Registration in India?

12A registration is the registration granted by the Income Tax Department to non-profit organisations — trusts, societies and Section 8 companies — under which the organisation’s income is exempt from income tax, provided that income is applied to its charitable or religious objects.

Without a valid registration, the organisation’s surplus is treated as ordinary taxable income and taxed at the applicable rates. With it, the organisation retains the full value of what it raises for the work it exists to do.

A point of terminology that matters more than it sounds. The registration is now granted under Section 12AB, introduced by the Finance Act, 2020, which replaced the earlier regime under Sections 12A and 12AA. The old registrations were required to be migrated, and the permanent, once-and-for-all registration that existed before no longer exists for anyone. Most people — including many advisers — still say “12A registration”, and that is fine as a description of what the registration does. But the operative section is 12AB, the forms are 10A and 10AB, and the registration now runs on a provisional-then-regular-then-renewable cycle. Any guidance describing a perpetual 12A certificate is describing a regime that ended.

Importance

Why is 12A Registration Important for NGOs?

Income tax exemption. The organisation’s income is exempt where applied to its objects, so every rupee raised goes to the work rather than to tax.

Government grant eligibility. Most central and state grant schemes require valid registration as a threshold condition, and applications without it are rejected at screening.

CSR funding access. Under the CSR Rules an implementing agency must hold both 12AB and 80G registration — this is a legal requirement, not merely a corporate preference.

80G prerequisite. 80G approval, which gives donors their deduction, cannot be obtained without valid registration under 12AB.

FCRA support. While the FCRA does not itself prescribe 12AB registration, the Ministry of Home Affairs examines the organisation’s income tax compliance, and an organisation without registration presents a materially weaker application.

Donor confidence. Serious individual and institutional donors verify registration status before giving, and the certificate is the first document they ask for.

Operational sustainability. Removing the tax burden on surplus allows genuine multi-year financial planning.

Section 12A, 12AA and 12AB — What Changed

Understanding the change is what prevents the most expensive mistakes, so it is worth setting out plainly.

Two consequences follow, and both are where organisations lose their exemption:

First, there is now a deadline that did not exist before. A provisional registration obtained at formation and then forgotten will lapse. The application for regular registration in Form 10AB must be made within six months of commencement of activities, or at least six months before the provisional registration expires, whichever is earlier — and it is the first of those two limbs that catches people, because an organisation that begins activities shortly after registering has a much shorter window than three years.

Second, lapse is no longer a neutral event. Under the current framework, cessation of registration can trigger a charge on the organisation’s accreted income — effectively an exit tax on the net value of its assets. This is dealt with in its own section below, because it is the single most serious consequence of the new regime and is almost universally absent from published guidance.

Eligibility

Who is Eligible for 12A Registration?

Public charitable trusts registered under the applicable state public trust legislation or with the Sub-Registrar

Societies registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860

Section 8 companies incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013

Religious institutions established wholly for religious purposes, or for religious and charitable purposes together

Educational institutions operating on a genuine non-profit basis

Medical institutions — hospitals and clinics run for charitable purposes

NGOs in any of the above legal forms engaged in social welfare, environment or community development

Who is not eligible. A sole proprietorship, a partnership firm, an HUF, an LLP, a private limited company or a public limited company cannot obtain registration. The organisation must first be constituted as a trust, a society or a Section 8 company.

What “charitable purpose” means. The Income Tax Act defines it as relief of the poor, education, yoga, medical relief, preservation of the environment including watersheds forests and wildlife, preservation of monuments or places of artistic or historic interest, and the advancement of any other object of general public utility.

The distinction within that definition that determines your risk profile. The first several limbs — relief of the poor, education, yoga, medical relief, environment — are specific charitable purposes in their own right. The last limb, advancement of any other object of general public utility, is subject to a statutory restriction: where the organisation carries on an activity in the nature of trade, commerce or business, or renders services in relation to such activity for a fee, the purpose is not charitable unless the activity is undertaken in the course of actually carrying out the advancement of that object and the receipts from it do not exceed the prescribed proportion of total receipts for the year.

The practical consequence is significant. An organisation working on education or medical relief sits on firm ground even where it charges fees. An organisation working on, say, trade promotion, sports administration or general community development that charges substantially for its services sits on the general public utility limb and is exposed to the receipts test. Which limb your objects fall under should be determined at drafting stage, not at assessment.

Who Needs Both 12A and 80G Registration?

Public charitable trusts receiving or planning to receive public donations

Organisations seeking corporate donations, since the CSR Rules require the implementing agency to hold both

Organisations planning an FCRA application, where the compliance record matters

Educational and medical trusts dependent on donations and grants

Religious trusts receiving significant public donations and wishing to offer donors a deduction

Environmental, rural development and women’s empowerment NGOs relying on donor funding

The simple rule. 12AB benefits the organisation; 80G benefits the donor. An organisation with 12AB alone pays no tax but gives its donors nothing. An organisation with both pays no tax and makes giving materially cheaper for its donors. For anything dependent on external funding, both are necessary.

Benefits

Benefits of 12A Registration for NGOs

Financial

Complete exemption of income applied to the objects

Eligibility to apply for 80G approval, transforming fundraising capacity

CSR funding eligibility, subject to also holding 80G and satisfying the CSR Rules conditions

Access to central and state government grants, schemes and subsidies

Ability to accumulate surplus for future programmes without immediate tax

Operational

Support for an FCRA application through a demonstrated compliance record

Donor trust and confidence, leading to larger and more consistent giving

Legal recognition under income tax law

Better financial planning and more impact per rupee raised

Documents

Documents Required for 12A Registration

Self-certified copy of the trust deed, Memorandum and Articles, or society constitution and rules

Self-certified copy of the registration certificate — from the Sub-Registrar, Registrar of Societies or Registrar of Companies as applicable

PAN of the organisation

Audited accounts for the last three financial years, where the organisation has been in existence

A detailed note on activities and objects — describing the charitable work done or planned, with specifics

List of trustees, directors or governing body members with PAN, Aadhaar and addresses

Details of income and expenditure for the past three years, where applicable

Bank account details of the organisation with a cancelled cheque

Form 10A, completed and verified

Digital Signature Certificate of the authorised signatory, or verification by electronic verification code

FCRA registration details, where held

Existing registration or approval details under any other law, where applicable

On the activity note — this is the document that decides the application. The Commissioner is assessing whether your objects are genuine and whether your activities match them. A generic statement of intention is the leading cause of query and rejection. The note should state what you actually do, where, for whom, at what scale, and with what evidence — beneficiary numbers, locations, programme descriptions, photographs, reports. Vakilkaro drafts this document rather than treating it as an attachment.

How to Apply for 12A Registration Online?

The entire process is online via the Income Tax e-filing portal. The physical submission route has been discontinued after the amendments under the Finance Act, 2020.

Step-by-step

• ✓Step 1: Log in to the Income Tax portal using the organisation’s PAN. Register the PAN on the portal first if it has not been used before.
• ✓Step 2: Navigate to the form. Go to e-File, then Income Tax Forms, then File Income Tax Forms.
• ✓Step 3: Select the correct form.Form 10A for a first-time provisional registration. Form 10AB for regular registration after the provisional period, and for every subsequent renewal.
• ✓Step 4: Complete the application with the organisation’s details, registration particulars, objects, nature of activities, governing body details and financial information.
• ✓Step 5: Upload the documents — constitutional document, registration certificate, PAN, audited accounts, activity note, governing body list and bank details.
• ✓Step 6: Verify using the Digital Signature Certificate or electronic verification code of the authorised signatory.
• ✓Step 7: Submit and note the acknowledgement number for tracking.
• ✓Step 8: Departmental review. The Principal Commissioner or Commissioner shall examine the objects, genuineness of activities and compliance with conditions and may issue a notice for clarification.
• ✓Step 9: Grant of provisional registration in Form 10AC, valid for three years.
• ✓Step 10: Apply for regular registration in Form 10AB — within six months of commencement of activities or six months before the provisional registration expires, whichever is earlier. On approval, regular registration is granted in Form 10AD, valid for five years.

A practical note on Form 10AB. The regular registration application is a substantive one, not a formality. It requires evidence that charitable activities have actually been carried out during the provisional period — programme reports, beneficiary records, photographs, audited accounts. An organisation that obtained provisional registration and then did nothing will struggle at this stage, and correctly so, because demonstrating genuine activity before granting long-term registration is precisely what the two-stage system was designed to achieve.

Time

Timeline for 12A Registration

Time 12A Registration

Vakilkaro’s all-inclusive service covers document review, activity description drafting, Form 10A and Form 10AB preparation and filing, DSC assistance, departmental follow-up and response to notices, and certificate download — with no hidden charges and no government fee to pay.

Fees

12A Registration Fee

The Government charges nothing. What you are paying for is the drafting of the activity note, the review of documents against the current requirements, the response to any departmental notice, and the diary that ensures the Form 10AB deadline is not missed. Given that the cost of missing it is the loss of exemption and a potential exit tax, that is a straightforward trade.

Vakilkaro offers complete 12A registration at transparent all-inclusive fees with no hidden charges.

Validity and Renewal

Provisional registration — 3 years from the date of grant, in Form 10AC

Regular registration — 5 years from the date of grant, in Form 10AD

Renewal — apply in Form 10AB at least 6 months before expiry

Post-renewal validity — a further 5 years

Consequence of non-renewal — the registration ceases, all income becomes taxable, 80G approval falls with it, and the exit tax on accreted income may be triggered

Diarising these dates from the day the certificate is issued is the single most valuable piece of administration a registered organisation can do. Vakilkaro maintains the calendar for its clients precisely because this is where hard-won registrations are quietly lost.

What Happens if Registration Lapses — Exit Tax on Accreted Income

This is the most serious consequence of the current regime and is absent from almost all published guidance on 12A registration. It deserves to be understood before, not after.

Where a registered organisation’s registration is cancelled, or where it converts into a form not eligible for registration, merges with a non-eligible entity, or fails to transfer its assets on dissolution to another registered charitable organisation within the prescribed period, a charge arises on its accreted income — broadly, the fair market value of its total assets less its total liabilities on a specified date.

The features that make it serious:

It is charged at the maximum marginal rate

It is in addition to ordinary income tax for the year

It applies to the accumulated value built up over the organisation’s entire life, not merely to the year’s income

The principal officer and the trustees can be held liable for payment where the organisation does not pay

It applies whether or not the organisation continues to operate

The practical effect is that letting a registration lapse through inattention, or having it cancelled for non-compliance, is not simply a return to taxable status going forward. It can crystallise a very substantial charge on decades of accumulated assets. An organisation holding land, buildings or an endowment should understand this exposure clearly.

It also explains why the dissolution clause in a trust deed or Memorandum matters: assets must go to another organisation with similar objects holding valid registration, within the prescribed period, or the charge arises.

Requirements

The 85% Application of Income Requirement

Registration is the entry condition. Application of income is the ongoing condition, and it is what actually preserves the exemption year by year.

At least 85% of income must be applied to the charitable or religious objects during the financial year

Up to 15% may be accumulated without any condition

Accumulation beyond 15% is permitted for a specified purpose for up to five years, but only if the organisation files Form 10 within the prescribed time and invests the accumulated amount in the modes specified under Section 11(5)

Amounts accumulated but not applied within the permitted period become taxable

Corpus donations — given with a specific written direction that they form part of the corpus — must be invested and held in the specified modes. Application out of corpus is treated as application of income only when the amount is subsequently restored to the corpus

Application is now on a payment basis — amounts are treated as applied in the year in which they are actually paid, not merely provided for

A donation to another registered charitable organisation counts as application only to the extent of the prescribed proportion, and cannot be given towards the recipient’s corpus

Why this matters more than most organisations realise. An organisation can be fully registered, entirely genuine and still lose its exemption for a year simply by receiving a large grant late in the financial year and failing to file Form 10 for the accumulation. The rules reward planning and punish inattention, and the planning is not difficult once the framework is understood.

Investment of Funds — Section 11(5) Modes

Funds accumulated or set apart, and the corpus, must be invested only in the modes specified under Section 11(5) of the Income Tax Act. These include:

Deposits in a Post Office Savings Bank account or with a scheduled bank or co-operative bank

Investment in Central or State Government securities and savings certificates

Units of the Unit Trust of India

Debentures of a company where the principal and interest are guaranteed by the Central or State Government

Deposits with or investment in specified public sector and financial institutions

Investment in immovable property, excluding plant and machinery not attached to a building

Other modes as prescribed

Investment outside these modes can jeopardise the exemption altogether. This is where well-intentioned organisations most often go wrong — placing surplus in equity shares, mutual funds other than those specified, private company debentures, or lending it to a related entity. The rule is not about prudence in the ordinary investment sense; it is a statutory list, and departures from it are not saved by good returns or good intentions.

The “Specified Persons” Restriction

No part of the organisation’s income or property may be applied, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of a specified person — broadly the author or founder of the trust, a substantial contributor, a trustee or manager, any relative of theirs, and any concern in which they have a substantial interest.

What this covers in practice:

Payment of salary or remuneration to a trustee beyond what is reasonable for services actually rendered

Use of the organisation’s property, vehicles or premises by a trustee without adequate rent

Lending organisation funds to a trustee or a related concern without adequate security and interest

Purchase or sale of property to or from a related person at other than fair value

Any diversion of benefit to a founder’s family

The consequence is severe. Where income is applied for a specified person’s benefit, the exemption can be denied and that income taxed at the maximum marginal rate, quite apart from the risk of cancellation of registration.

Reasonable remuneration for genuine work is permitted and is not the problem. Unexamined arrangements — a founder’s family occupying trust premises, a trustee’s firm supplying services without a comparison, an interest-free advance to a related concern — are.

Anonymous Donations

Where an organisation receives anonymous donations — donations in respect of which it does not maintain a record of the donor’s identity and address — those donations are taxed at 30% to the extent they exceed the higher of ₹1 lakh or 5% of the total donations received.

The important exception. The charge does not apply to a trust or institution created wholly for religious purposes. It does apply to a trust created for religious and charitable purposes together, except in respect of donations to a religious purpose — and this is where temples, gurudwaras and similar institutions with associated charitable activity need to take care.

The practical implication for any organisation receiving hundi, box, donation-drive or cash collections is straightforward: maintain donor records. A name and address is enough to take the donation out of the anonymous category. The administrative effort of recording is trivial compared with a 30% charge.

Difference Between 12A and 80G Registration

An important correction on the deduction rate. For an ordinary 80G-approved organisation the donor’s deduction is 50% of the donation, subject to the qualifying limit. The 100% deduction categories apply to specific funds notified in the Act — the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund, the National Defence Fund and similar — not to an ordinary charitable trust or society. Telling donors they will get 100% is a promise that cannot be kept.

Two further conditions that matter. Cash donations above ₹2,000 do not qualify for deduction at all. And the donation must appear in the organisation’s Form 10BD filing — the receipt issued at the time is no longer sufficient on its own.

Types

12A Registration for Specific Organisation Types

Section 8 companies. The Memorandum and Articles serve as the constitutional document in place of a trust deed, and the Certificate of Incorporation and Section 8 licence are filed with the application. Most Section 8 companies apply immediately after incorporation, since the registration is essential to their funding model.

Societies. The memorandum, rules and regulations, and the registration certificate from the Registrar of Societies, are the base documents. Where the society is registered in a state with its own adaptation of the Societies Registration Act, the state registration position should be confirmed.

Trusts. The registered deed of trust is the basic document. In states like Maharashtra and Gujarat, registration with the charitable authority is also required, and the omission of the same in the application raises suspicion.

Religious institutions. Wholly religious trusts have a different position on anonymous donations, and mixed religious and charitable institutions should identify which of their receipts relate to which purpose.

Educational and medical institutions. These sit on specific charitable purpose limbs rather than the general public utility limb, which is a stronger position where fees are charged — provided the institution genuinely operates on a non-profit basis and the surplus is reinvested.

Consequences of Not Having 12A Registration

Full tax liability on the organisation’s surplus at applicable rates

No 80G approval, and therefore no donor deduction and materially harder fundraising

No CSR funding, since the CSR Rules require the implementing agency to hold both 12AB and 80G

Government grant ineligibility, with applications rejected at screening

Weakened FCRA position, as the Ministry examines income tax compliance

Loss of donor confidence, since serious donors verify registration before giving

Reduced impact, with a share of every rupee raised going to tax rather than to the work

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Missing the Form 10AB deadline, particularly the six-months-from-commencement-of-activities limb, which arrives much earlier than the end of the provisional period

Assuming registration is permanent — it has not been since 2020

Selecting the wrong form — Form 10A is for the first provisional registration; Form 10AB is for regular registration and every renewal

A vague activity note — the leading cause of query and rejection

PAN and name mismatch between the PAN, the constitutional document and the application

Unaudited or outdated accounts

Not filing Form 10 where accumulation exceeds 15%

Investing funds outside the Section 11(5) modes

Paying trustees beyond reasonable remuneration for services actually rendered

Not filing Form 10BD, depriving donors of their 80G deduction

Promising donors a 100% deduction when the ordinary position is 50% subject to the qualifying limit

Accepting cash donations above ₹2,000 and issuing 80G receipts for them

Not maintaining donor records for box and drive collections, triggering the anonymous donation charge

Not filing ITR-7 on the view that exempt income requires no return

Failing to plan for the accreted income charge when contemplating restructuring, merger or dissolution

Compliance

Post-Registration Compliance

Which audit form applies.Form 10B applies where the organisation’s total income exceeds the prescribed higher threshold, or it has received foreign contribution during the year, or it has applied any part of its income outside India. Form 10BB applies in all other cases. Filing the wrong form is treated as a failure to furnish the report and can put the exemption at risk — so the applicable form should be checked each year rather than carried forward from the last.

Other ongoing requirements

Maintain proper books of account and donor records

Apply at least 85% of income to the objects each year

Invest funds only in the permitted modes

TDS compliance on salaries, professional fees, rent and contractor payments above the thresholds, with TAN and quarterly returns

Ensure activities remain within the stated objects

Why Choose Vakilkaro?

Why Choose Vakilkaro for 12A Registration?

Expert tax team — Chartered Accountants with working knowledge of the current 12AB framework, not the pre-2020 regime

Activity description drafting — the single most important factor in approval, drafted properly rather than filled in

Document review before submission — preventing the rejections that come from mismatched names, unaudited accounts and incomplete certification

Correct form selection and deadline management — including the six-months-from-commencement limb that most organisations miss

Renewal calendar — Form 10AB regular registration and every subsequent renewal diarised from the day the certificate is issued

80G alongside — applied for together where appropriate, with the Form 10BD and 10BE donor reporting handled annually

Structural advice — the 85% application requirement, Section 11(5) investment modes, specified persons and anonymous donations, addressed before they become assessment issues

Post-registration compliance — ITR-7, Form 10B or 10BB, Form 10, FCRA returns and TDS

Transparent pricing — NIL government fee, and no hidden professional charges

Pan-India service to trusts, societies, Section 8 companies, and educational, medical and religious institutions

Contact Vakilkaro today and get your registration in place — because your organisation deserves every tax benefit the law provides, and none of the exposure that comes from getting it wrong.